After years of research, writing, and editing, your final challenge is here: the viva voce, also known as the thesis defence. Knowing how to prepare for your PhD viva (defence) is essential to successfully demonstrate your expertise, defend your findings, and secure your doctoral qualification.

This oral examination, typically lasting between one to three hours, tests your understanding of your research area, methodology, and contribution to knowledge. Here is a comprehensive guide to help you prepare effectively and approach your viva with confidence.

1. Understand the Viva Format

Before diving into preparation, clarify the structure of your viva:

• Is it closed (examiners only) or open (public audience)?
• Will it be in person, online, or hybrid?
• Who are your internal and external examiners?

Familiarise yourself with your university’s viva regulations and expectations. Some institutions provide mock vivas or written guidance—use these resources.

2. Know Your Thesis Inside and Out

One of the most important aspects of how to prepare for your PhD viva (defence) is being thoroughly familiar with your own thesis.

• Re-read your thesis several times and highlight key arguments, methods, and findings.
• Identify potential weaknesses or limitations and prepare to discuss them honestly.
• Prepare a one-page summary of each chapter to review key content quickly.
• Make a list of any significant revisions made during the writing process and be ready to justify them.

Tip: Flag inconsistencies or areas where your argument could be challenged and develop clear explanations or defences.

3. Anticipate Common Viva Questions

Although every viva is unique, there are several common questions that you should prepare answers for. These include:

• What motivated your research topic?
• How does your work contribute to your field?
• Why did you choose this methodology?
• What were your main findings?
• What are the limitations of your study?
• What would you do differently if starting again?
• How does your research relate to current literature?

Practise answering these aloud, preferably with a colleague, friend, or supervisor acting as your examiner.

4. Prepare a Strong Opening Statement

Most vivas begin with the question:
“Can you give us a brief overview of your research?”

Prepare a concise, clear, and confident 3–5 minute summary. Focus on:

• Your research question
• The rationale for your study
• Key methods used
• Main findings
• Original contribution

This sets the tone for the rest of the discussion and demonstrates clarity of thought.

5. Practice Defending Your Choices

You’ll be expected to justify decisions related to:

• Theoretical framework
• Research design
• Sampling and data collection
• Analytical approach
• Interpretation of results

Don’t be defensive or dismissive of critical feedback. Instead, explain your reasoning clearly, admit limitations when necessary, and show awareness of alternative approaches.

6. Know Your Examiners’ Work

Review recent publications by your examiners. This helps you anticipate their interests and potential lines of questioning.

Tip: If your external examiner specialises in a particular theory or method, consider how your work aligns with or diverges from their perspectives.

7. Prepare Your Materials

Have the following at your fingertips during the viva:

• A printed or digital copy of your thesis (with tabs or highlights)
• A list of key references and how they support your work
• A list of publications or presentations you’ve completed
• A notebook for jotting down questions before responding

If your viva is online, test your tech setup and choose a quiet, professional setting.

8. Practice Mock Vivas

Arrange one or two mock viva sessions with your supervisor or peers. Simulated questioning helps reduce anxiety, improve articulation, and reveal areas for improvement.

Tip: Record your mock viva and review your responses to refine clarity and confidence.

9. Stay Calm and Professional

• Answer slowly and clearly
• Ask for clarification if a question is unclear
• Take a moment to think before responding
• Maintain a respectful and engaged tone throughout
• Accept that it is normal to not know every answer

The viva is not an interrogation—it is a professional academic conversation.

10. Prepare for the Outcome

Possible outcomes include:

• Pass with no corrections
• Pass with minor or major corrections
• Revise and resubmit (rare)
• Fail (very rare with adequate supervision)

Be prepared for post-viva revisions. Treat examiner feedback constructively and respond clearly to each point in your revision report.

Conclusion

Understanding how to prepare for your PhD viva (defence) requires more than just knowing your thesis—it requires strategic preparation, intellectual flexibility, and confident communication. With the right approach, you can turn the viva into a rewarding academic milestone and a celebration of your hard work.